Stop Valves are closed by screwing a rubber gasket down onto a seat in the middle of the valve. Pros only use small versions that act as shutoff valves for fixtures such as sinks and toilets and outdoor sillcocks. Flow is inefficient because of the circuitous route the fluid (water, in most cases) has to follow. It's important to orient the valve in the right direction with the arrow (cast into the side of the valve) aligned with flow direction. That way, water flows against the bottom of the rubber gasket. If the valve is put in backward, the flow will force the gasket away from the top of the valve. Stop Valves, Shower Stop Valve, Water Stop Valves, Brass Stop Valve ZHEJIANG KINGSIR VALVE CO., LTD. , https://www.kingsirvalves.com
The Institute of Photovoltaics at the University of Luxembourg has established a method of observing and preventing the decay of solar cells before they are completed. Since the discovery of chemicals that could damage solar cells, this method has rapidly affected the solar cell manufacturing industry.
The reason why solar panels can convert solar energy into electricity is because there are solar cells - this "electric generator" is responsible for the energy of solar panels. Although thin-film solar cells have a layer responsible for absorbing the amount of solar energy, the thin films can be attenuated during the production process.
“A solar thin-film battery is a stack of multilayer films. The most important one is to absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. If these absorbers cannot be processed immediately, they will lose their ability to partially convert light energy.†Luxembourg University of Phoenix Institute researcher David said.
The researchers used laser light to measure the light on the solar cell and found that the attenuation appeared within a few minutes after the first irradiation. At the same time, they also discovered that attenuation can be prevented by rapidly irradiating another laser beam. This will make solar cells stable.
In the photovoltaic industry, solar cells are processed at high speed due to economic needs. Now scientists point out the reasons for physics, why the production process should be completed quickly.