Table 1 Changes in the trade specialization index of China's hardware products in 2003 Year 2003 The average annual growth rate of the global hardware market was about 10%. In the same period, China's exports of hardware products were affected by the economic crisis in 2008, and the export growth of the year was 8%. In addition, other years are more than 20%, the increase is much higher than the growth of the global hardware market. As a result, the international market share of China's hardware products has increased from about 1% at the beginning of 2000 to more than 3% at present, and the export competitiveness has steadily increased. Although the international market share of China's hardware products has gradually increased in recent years, compared with several of the most developed countries such as the United States, the proportion in the global market is still low, and some of the most developed countries account for the global share. Keeping in double digits, and our country's share is less than 4%, which is not commensurate with the status of China's hardware power. 2. Steady improvement of trade competitiveness In theory, the basic factors that determine the international competitiveness of a country's industry can be divided into two categories, one is competitive advantage and the other is comparative advantage. The competitive advantage can be understood as “comparison of the competitiveness of the same industryâ€, while the comparative advantage is “comparison of competitiveness between different industriesâ€. In reality, comparative advantage and competitive advantage are interrelated. The trade specialization index is used to measure the important role of a commodity in a country's exports. It can also be used to measure the international competitiveness of a country's products. It can also be used to compare the competitiveness of similar products between different countries. . When the result tends to 1, it indicates that the product is internationally competitive. From 2003 to 2008, the trade specialization index of China's hardware products increased from 0.78 to 0.84, reflecting the great improvement in the import and export trade of China's hardware products. (See Table 1 for details.) It is not difficult to see from Table 1. In recent years, the trade specialization index of China's hardware products has remained basically between 0.78 and 0.85, and has increased year by year, indicating that China's hardware products trade is generally better. Strong international competitiveness. The TSC index of the gas water heater industry increased from 0.7 to 0.932, showing strong international competitiveness; the TSC index of the hairdressing tool industry increased from 0.28 to 37, and the competitiveness has improved, but the TSC index has a low absolute value and international competitiveness. It is still weak; the TSC index of the can industry has been reduced from 0.78 to 0.445, and international competitiveness has been significantly weakened. It shows that the comparative advantage index is the ratio of a country's product to its total export value and the world's product as a percentage of world exports. It is the most important indicator reflecting the export trade intensity and specialization advantage of a certain product in a country. If RCA>2.5, it shows strong international competitiveness; if RCA is between 1.25~2.5, it shows strong international competitiveness; if RCA is between 0.8~1.25, it means moderate international competition. Force; if RCA <0.8, it indicates that international competitiveness is weak. In 2003, the comparative advantage index (RCA index) of China's metal products was 0.92. In recent years, it has remained basically between 08 and 0.9, which is a moderate international competitiveness. However, it should be noted that in recent years, the RCA index of China's hardware products has shown a downward trend year by year, mainly because China's hardware products are mostly labor-intensive products, and many hardware companies adopt processing trade methods, and their technological innovation capabilities are not strong. This makes the hardware industry in China lack of stamina. In the process, for the hardware industry in which the main table 2 2003~2008 hardware industry scale changes the number of enterprises in the year 2003 depends on the labor cost advantage, while the comparative advantage is relatively weak, it is necessary to rely on enhancing competitive advantage to maintain and enhance the industry. International competitiveness. (III) Analysis of the competitiveness of the hardware industry The output of China's hardware industry ranks first in the world. The data in 2008 showed that the total output of Tang porcelain products was 523,900 tons; the total output of daily-use stainless steel products was 1,191,700 tons; the total output of gas water heaters was 10.7785 million; the total output of gas stoves was 27.58 million; the total output of locks was 148.643 million. In recent years, China's hardware products are almost everywhere in the world. Hardware products are closely related to the automotive, real estate, shipbuilding, construction machinery and other industries. The steady development of the above-mentioned related industries, the demand for hardware products continues to grow, driving the development of China's hardware industry to a broader field and a high-tech direction. The industrial policy has been gradually improved. In recent years, China has issued a series of policies on energy conservation, environmental protection, safety, and taxation. In particular, it supports the preferential policies of small and medium-sized enterprises, and gives support and support to small and medium-sized enterprises in various aspects such as capital, entrepreneurship, technological innovation, market development, and social services. It has played a positive role in promoting the development of the hardware industry dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. In recent years, China's hardware industry cluster has developed rapidly, and has formed three major hardware industrial zones in the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Jiaodong Peninsula, dozens of hardware industry clusters and a number of industrial export bases. The hardware industry cluster has been distributed in a network. And have considerable scale. It has been named three of China's hardware products: lock (Wenzhou), valve capital (Yuhuan), button capital (bridge head). Named 8 China Hardware Industry Bases: Hardware Products Industry Base (Xiaolan), Faucet Production Base (Shuikou), Stainless Steel Products Production Base (Xinhui), Metal Shell Lighter Production Base (Wenzhou), Shaver Production Base (Wenzhou) ), hardware production base (Yuyao), export tool production base (Jinhua), wire mesh industrial base (Anping). It has been named 3 Chinese towns (towns): zipper town (Qiaotou), hardware town (Yongkang), hardware town (Daxin Town). 2) Economies of scale have improved After long-term development, there are currently more than 50,000 hardware manufacturing enterprises in China, and more than 100 enterprises with a scale of over 100 million yuan. In recent years, the number of enterprises above the scale of China's hardware industry has increased steadily. The changes in enterprises from 2003 to 2008 are shown in Table 2. 3. The innovation competitiveness has been slightly improved. In recent years, innovation has become the theme of the development of the hardware industry, and R&D investment has gradually increased. The proportion of products with independent innovation is increasing. For example, many large-scale shower room enterprises in China have invested a large amount of research and development funds every year, using new technologies, new materials, new technologies, and achieving breakthroughs in product performance and quality. Their products have also passed the US ETL and EU CE certification, reaching the international leading level; The concentration of branded gas cookers, pressure cookers and non-stick pans in the industry has been increasing, and the technological innovation capability of enterprises has continued to increase. After more than ten years of development and innovation, Supor's products include open fire cookware, kitchen appliances, kitchen and bathroom appliances, related rubber and plastic products, and hundreds of varieties. More than 100 patented technologies developed independently. Compared with European and American companies in the hardware industry, the gap in the hardware industry is still obvious. 80% of European and American companies have R&D centers, and most companies' R&D expenses account for about 10% of profits. In contrast, most of China's hardware companies have insufficient R&D investment, which seriously hinders the improvement of international competitiveness. III. Countermeasures for improving the international competitiveness of China's hardware trade (I) Adjusting and optimizing the industrial structure and promoting industrial upgrading China's hardware industry is characterized by labor-intensive features, creating regional brands in the future, and picking up the situation. It is difficult to change fundamentally. Due to factors such as rising labor prices and the rise of emerging industrial countries, the comparative advantage of China's hardware industry is weakening. The way out is to adjust and optimize the industrial structure, transform traditional industries with modern technology, develop into technology-intensive industries, and promote industrial upgrading. Only in this way can we shorten the gap with developed countries as soon as possible. (II) Cultivate and introduce professional talents and improve intellectual factors At present, the lack of professional talents has become a bottleneck restricting the development of China's hardware industry. To solve this problem, we must take the road of combining internal training with external introduction. At the same time, we can take advantage of the opportunities of international industrial transfer and increase the level of R&D by acquiring foreign professional research institutions. At present, China's hardware industry has not shaken off the traditional development model of winning by quantity, and excessive competition in the international market has weakened international competitiveness. The key to changing this situation is to change the way of development. Implement brand strategy, promote independent innovation, and combine the path of production, study and research in product development and technological transformation. Focus on the construction of independent brands, increase product management to brand management, improve the ability to resist risks and its own "bargaining" ability. 4. Develop industrial clusters and build hardware industry chain China's hardware industry is mainly based on small and medium-sized enterprises. It is necessary to give full play to the competitive advantages of industrial clusters, promote specialized division of labor and collaboration, build regional brands, and improve overall competitiveness. 5. Give full play to the government's guiding and supporting role and create a good environment for the development of the hardware industry. Increase the support for major infrastructure, enterprise technological transformation and independent innovation, energy conservation and emission reduction, and small and medium-sized enterprises, and introduce some effective policies to encourage enterprises to develop Chinese brands and help enterprises to carry out new product research and development and technological innovation. Such as the establishment of "innovation compensation mechanism", through the implementation of tax reductions and exemptions to compensate enterprises for the cost of research and development. Create a good development environment for enterprises, and then improve the international competitiveness of enterprises. Conclusion: China's hardware industry is based on domestic and international markets. It has a huge domestic market as a support, and has accumulated international market resources for many years. It has a unique development advantage. The key to improving international competitiveness is to change the backward development mode, use traditional technology to change traditional industries, and promote industrial development through technological innovation. At present, it is in an important period of industrial restructuring. After the baptism of the international financial crisis, the industry's development ideas and business ideas are more mature, laying the ideological foundation for deepening industrial restructuring. We must firmly grasp the opportunity period of upgrading international competitiveness brought about by industrial restructuring, and achieve leap-forward development. By 2010, the level of hardware manufacturing will be significantly improved, and some industries will enter the international advanced level; by 2020, hardware manufacturing The goal of achieving the international advanced level as a whole. (Continued from page 42) to the government so that the government can make the right decisions quickly, giving the US government sufficient political pressure and strong public opinion influence. The special protection case is different from other trade barriers. Although the number of cases involved is small, the amount involved is huge and has far-reaching influence. It also involves the highest decision-making body in the United States (finally judged by the president), which can be said to have exceeded the scope of trade. For the trade barriers such as special insurance, the government will eventually come forward to coordinate, and the vast number of industries and enterprises should be closely united and cooperate with the government. Concluding remarks: Sino-US relations in the 21st century are both comprehensive and comprehensive. Although the US special safeguard measures are a very unfair law for China, we should still see that the introduction of this law is a special product in the special historical background. It is a platform for China to join the WTO and to be fully open. The road. Joining the WTO is a major event in China's politics and economy. Since China's accession to the WTO for eight years, China's economic aggregate and scale have grown rapidly. At present, China's GDP and trade volume have been ranked third and second in the world. It can be said that joining the World Trade Organization has played a pivotal role in China's economic development. Of course, the accompanying trade frictions and trade barriers are also increasing rapidly. 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